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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(1): 119-124, Mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-708733

ABSTRACT

Malathion is an organophosphorous insecticide, used worldwide for pest and disease control; however, it could also affect the reproductive patterns of several species. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of malathion in the cellularity and sperm differentiation in testis and epididymis of rats. Twenty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a malathion-treated group (n=10, dose of 170 mg/kg via subcutaneous injection for a period of 13 days) and control group (n=10, injected only with normal saline). After treatments, the rats were sacrificed by regulated euthanasia and assessed for sperm count in testis and epididymis and epididymal teratospermia degree. The results showed a significant decrease in body, testicular and epididymal weight in animals treated with malathion. Testicular sperm counts in treated rats exhibited a significant decrease in the number of sperm compared to controls (42.56x106 vs. 95.99x106), as well as in epididymis (77.55x106 vs. 106.54x106). Concerning the degree of teratospermia, a significant increase of abnormal sperm in the epididymis of treated rats versus controls (42.1% vs. 21%, respectively) was observed. We conclude that malathion has a cytotoxic effect in rats, significantly reducing the number of sperm produced by the seminiferous tubules and affecting their quality and number during the process of maturation and capacitation in their transit through the epididymis, thus increasing the level of teratospermia.


El malatión es un insecticida organofosforado, ampliamente usado en el control de plagas y pestes, sin embargo también puede afectar a los patrones reproductivos de las especies. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los efectos de malatión en la celularidad y diferenciación de espermatozoides en testículo y en epidídimo de ratas. Veinte ratas macho adultas de la cepa Sprague Dawley, fueron divididos en grupo tratado con malatión (n=10) en dosis de 170 mg/kg de peso, inyección sub cutánea (s.c.), por un período de 13 días (duración del ciclo del epitelio seminífero) y grupo control (n=10), los cuales solo fueron inyectados con suero fisiológico. Finalizado el tratamiento las ratas fueron sacrificadas por eutanasia normada y se procedió a medir el recuento espermático en testículo y epidídimo y el grado de teratospermia en epidídimo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una disminución significativa en el peso corporal, testicular y del epidídimo de ratas machos tratados con malatión. El recuento espermático en testículo de ratas tratadas, al compararlos con ratas controles, muestra una disminución significativa en el número de espermatozoides (42,56x106 / 95,99x106), igual comportamiento se observó en epidídimo (77,55 x106 / 106,54 x106). Al determinar el grado de teratospermia se observó un aumento significativo de espermatozoides anormales, en el epidídimo de las ratas tratadas versus los controles (42,1% y 21%, respectivamente). Se concluye que malatión tiene un efecto citotóxico en ratas, disminuyendo significativamente el número de espermatozoides producidos por los túbulos seminíferos y afectando la calidad y el número de ellos durante el proceso de maduración y capacitación, en su tránsito por el epidídimo, aumentando el nivel de teratospermia.


Subject(s)
Male , Reproduction/drug effects , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Testis/drug effects , Malathion/toxicity , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Epididymis/drug effects , Insecticides, Organophosphate/adverse effects
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(4): 1399-1407, dic. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-670156

ABSTRACT

The restriction of the mechanisms of cell proliferation in murine seminiferous epithelium, in terms of induction of programmed cell death until recently has not been fully analyzed. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of Malathion (MP) on testicular morphology and function in mouse spermatogenesis. For the experiments, male albino mice of strain NMRI-IVIC, weighing between 30-40 g were used, and divided into control and experimental groups of 5 each. The animals of the experimental groups were injected with a single dose of MP: 241mg/kg weight (1/12 LD 50 ) resuspended in 0.9% saline, intraperitoneally. Animals were sacrificed at 8.3, 16.6 and 33.2 days post-injection (first, second and third spermatogenic cycles). Testicular samples were obtained for light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy procedures, and to detect apoptosis and p53 antigen by immunohistochemical methods. Blood was collected to quantify testosterone and plasmatic cholinesterase activity. From 8.3 days, Sertoli cell vacuolization, karyolisis of pachytene spermatocytes and Leydig cells and a decreased in average of the diameter of seminiferous tubules was observed. No damage to inter-Sertoli cells junctions was detected. Percentage of seminiferous tubules showing germ cells apoptosis was increased from 8.3 days, plasmatic acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in the group treated only 24 hours after administration of MP. Serum testosterone levels were low in treated animals at 16. 6 and 33.2 days. p53 was mostly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes from 8d. The findings of this study indicate that MP alters the testicular function affecting the DNA and interfering with spermatogenesis as well as steroidogenesis.


La restricción de los mecanismos de proliferación celular en epitelio seminífero murino, en términos de inducción de muerte celular programada hasta hace poco no había sido completamente analizada.El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de malathion (MP) sobre la morfología y la función testicular del ratón.Ratones macho albinos de la cepa NMRI-IVIC, con pesos entre 30-40 g fueron utilizados, se dividieron en grupos control y experimental. Los grupos experimentales fueron inyectados por vía intraperitoneal con una dosis única deMP:241mg/kg de peso (1/12 DL50) resuspendido en 0,9% de solución salina.Los animales fueron sacrificados en el día 8,3, 16,6 y 33,2 después de la inyección (primer, segundo y tercer ciclos de la espermatogénesis).Se obtuvieron muestras de testículo para estudio en microscopía de luz (ML), microscopía electrónica de transmisión, para la detección de apoptosis y el antígeno p53 (proliferación celular), por métodos inmunohistoquímicos.Se recogió sangre para cuantificar la testosterona y la actividad plasmática de colinesterasa.Desde el día 8,3 día se observó vacuolización de células de Sertoli, cariolisis de espermatocitos en paquiteno y células de Leydig, y una disminución en el promedio del diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos. No se detectó daño en las uniones entre células de Sertoli. El porcentaje de túbulos seminíferos que mostraban células germinales en apoptosis se incrementó a los 8,3 días, laactividad de la acetilcolinesterasa plasmática se redujo en el grupo tratado sólo 24 horas después de la administración de MP.Los niveles séricos de testosterona disminuyeron en los animales tratados a los 16,6 y 33,2 días.P53 se expresó sobre todo en los espermatocitos en paquiteno desde los 8,3 días.Los resultados de este estudio indican que MP altera la función testicular, afecta al ADN e interfiere con la espermatogénesis, así como con la esteroidogénesis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Spermatogenesis/drug effects , Spermatozoa/cytology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Malathion/toxicity , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Apoptosis
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 29(4): 1241-1247, dic. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626996

ABSTRACT

Since normal sperm parameters can be altered by organophosphorous pesticides, this study intended to determine if melatonin is able to prevent the damage on sperm quality after an acute exposure to diazinon. Adult male mice were injected intraperitoneally with melatonin, diazinon (1/3 or 2/3 LD50) or both, and sperm parameters were evaluated on days 1 or 32 post injection. Groups treated with diazinon showed elevated lipid peroxidation levels on day 1 post treatment, while groups pretreated with melatonin before diazinon showed no difference compared to control. Sperm count showed a significant decrease in both diazinon-treated groups only on day 32 post injection; no differences were observed in groups pretreated with melatonin prior to diazinon compared to control. The percentage of abnormal sperm morphology increased in the diazinon-treated groups only on day 32 postinjection. The administration of melatonin prior to exposure to diazinon prevents the alteration of sperm parameters commonly caused by organophosphates, possibly due to its antioxidant properties.


Debido a que los parámetros normales de los espermatozoides pueden ser alterados por algunos contaminantes como los pesticidas organofosforados, este estudio pretende determinar si melatonina es capaz de prevenir o proteger del daño en la calidad espermática, después de una exposición aguda a diazinon. Ratones machos adultos fueron inyectados via intraperitoneal con diazinon 1/3 y 2/3 de la LD50 y otro grupo tratados con melatonina + 1/3 diazinon LD50 y melatonina + 2/3 LD50. Los parámetros espermáticos fueron evaluados al día 1 y al día 32 post tratamiento. Los grupos tratados con diazinon solo o conjugado con melatonina mostraron un incremento significativo en los niveles de lipoperoxidación en el tratamiento después de un día. Al día 32 no se observan diferencias significativas con el grupo control. El recuento espermático al día 1 no presenta diferencias entre los grupos tratados y el control. Sin embargo al día 32 los grupos tratados con diazinon solo, muestran una disminución significativa, solo el grupo de melatonina +1/3 diazinon, presenta valores similares al grupo control. La morfología espermática normal presenta una disminución significativa en grupos tratados con diazinon, pero un aumento significativo al día 32 en los grupos tratados con melatonina. Los mayores porcentajes de anormalidades se presentan en la cabeza y la cola de los espermatozoides. La administración de melatonina antes de la exposición al diazinon evita las alteraciones de los parámetros espermáticos, comúnmente causada por organofosforados, posiblemente debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Diazinon/toxicity , Spermatozoa , Spermatozoa/pathology , Melatonin/pharmacology , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Spermatogenesis , Insecticides, Organophosphate , Melatonin/administration & dosage , Sperm Count
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(4): 1325-1333, dic. 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-582091

ABSTRACT

Adult stem cells are great promise to the future of regenerative therapy, and understanding of its embryonic origin permit the discrimination of stem cell sources. Embryonic stem cells derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst originate the primordial germ cells, and pericyte stem cell associated to vessels endothelium in yolk sac. Currently, it is being proposed that embryonic primordial germ cell could originate hematopoietic stem cells based on the detection of germ cell markers (SSEA-1/TEC-1, Oct-4 and Nanog) in stem cell harvested from fetal liver and bone marrow. However, different experimental evidence points at two separate differentiation routes toward primordial germ cells, and hematopoietic stem cell with the same embryonic origin. The expression of undifferentiated stem cell markers in umbilical cord and placental vessels, such CD34, CXCR4, c-kit and OCT4 demonstrates the intimate relation between pericyte stem cells, endothelium, haematopoiesis, and primordial germ cells, which all originate from embryonic stem cell from the inner cell mass epiblast.


Las células madre adultas son una gran promesa para el futuro de la terapia regenerativa, y la comprensión de su origen embrionario permite la discriminación de las fuentes de células madre. Las células madre embrionarias derivadas del macizo celular interno del blastocisto originan las células germinales primordiales, y células madre pericíticas asociadas al endotelio de los vasos del saco vitelino. En la actualidad, se propone que las células germinales primordiales embrionarias podrían originar a las células madre hematopoyéticas sobre la base de la detección de marcadores de células germinales (SSEA-1/TEC-1 oct-4 y Nanog) en células madre extraídas de hígado fetal y médula ósea. Sin embargo, diferentes evidencias experimentales apuntan hacia dos vías separadas de diferenciación en células germinales primordiales, y en células madre hematopoyéticas con el mismo origen embrionario. La expresión de marcadores de células madre no diferenciadas en el cordón umbilical y los vasos de la placenta, como CD34, CXCR4, c-kit y OcT4 demuestra la íntima relación entre las células madre pericíticas, el endotelio y las células germinales primordiales, las que se originan en células madre embrionarias a partir del epiblasto del macizo celular interno.


Subject(s)
Germ Cells/cytology , Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology , Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology , Germ Cells/physiology , Embryonic Stem Cells/physiology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Pluripotent Stem Cells/physiology , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Embryo, Mammalian/cytology , Umbilical Cord
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 25(4): 919-925, Dec. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626959

ABSTRACT

Boron is a chemical element widely used in many industrial activities. Exposure to it affects many organs in mammals, mainly reproductive male organs. This work evaluates boron effect in testis. For this purpose, 12mg Boron/L of drinking water, equivalent to Arica tap water, was given for 42 days to 85 days old CFl male mice (experimental group). Another group (control group) drunk tap water of Santiago (0.6mg Boron/L) was used. Testicular histopathology and morphometric analysis was done. These studies showed that Borum induces alterations such as epithelial vacuolization, blockage of the tubular lumen and atrophy. Morphometrical data showed that Borom induces also enlargement of tubular diameter, epithelial height and tubular lumen. Therefore, it is concluded that Boron acts as testicular toxicant and that further studies are needed to establish its mechanism of action upon spermatogenesis.


El Boro es un elemento químico ampliamente usado en variadas actividades industriales. La exposición a éste afecta a varios órganos en mamíferos, principalmente órganos reproductivos. Este trabajo evaluó los efectos del Boro en testículo. Para este propósito, 12mg Boro/Ide agua potable, equivalente al agua bebestible de Arica, se administró por 42 días a ratones machos CF1 de 85 días de edad (grupo experimental). Otro grupo (grupo control) bebió agua de Santiago (0.6mg Boro/L). Se realizaron estudios histopatológicos y morfométricos del testículo. Estos estudios mostraron que el Boro induce alteraciones como vacuolización epitelial, taponamiento y atrofia del lumen testicular. Los estudios morfométricos mostraron que el Boro también induce aumento del diámetro tubular, altura del epitelio y del lumen tubular. En consecuencia, se concluye que el Boro actúa como un tóxico testicular y que futuros estudios son necesarios para establecer su mecanismo de acción sobre la espermatogénesis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Spermatogenesis/drug effects , Testis/drug effects , Boron/toxicity
6.
Biocell ; 30(3): 423-429, dec. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-491541

ABSTRACT

Parathion is an organophosphorate pesticide amply used in agriculture. Many alterations induced by organophosphorate pesticides have been described, such as: cytogenetic alterations in germinal cells, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in the mouse. The effect of Parathion, both pure (PP) and commercial (PC), on mouse interstitial cell testosterone production was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Male mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of 1/3 LD50 of Parathion, both PP and PC. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 8 and 40 days post injection to evaluate the impact of disrupting testosterone production on spermatogonia, spermatocytes and elongated spermatids. The plasma testosterone was assayed by standard radioimmunoanalysis. The same method was used to assay testosterone in the culture medium of interstitial cells obtained from the control and Parathion treated animals at the same time intervals. Sperm count, sperm teratozoospermia and tubular blockage were analyzed for an appraisal of spermatogenesis. Increase in the teratozoospermia and tubular blockage was detected in the PP and PC group at 8 and 40 days post injection. Plasma testosterone levels drop significantly at 8 days and recovered slowly at 40 days only in PP animals as detected in vivo, implying interference of testicular steroidogenesis due to the toxicant. Recuperation of normality occurs at long time intervals. In conclusion, Parathion disturbs the synthesis of testosterone in mice affecting qualitatively the spermatogenesis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Acetylcholinesterase/blood , Spermatogenesis , Spermatozoa/abnormalities , Parathion/toxicity , Sperm Count , Testosterone/biosynthesis , Testosterone/blood , Insecticides/toxicity , Mice, Inbred Strains
7.
Cienc. Trab ; 7(16): 56-60, abr.-jun. 2005. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-420789

ABSTRACT

Se propone evaluar los cambios reproductivos en ratones sometidos a hipoxia-normoxia simulando condiciones laborales de la faena minera en el norte de Chile. Se estudió hipoxia hipobárica en cámara hipobárica, simulando 4.100 msnm, en tres grupos experimentales y un grupo control (500 msnm, altura promedio de Santiago), estando cada grupo integrado por seis animales. Ratones (Mus musculus) machos adultos fueron sometidos a regímenes de hipoxia (H)-normoxia (N) los siguientes días: 4H; 8H y 4H-4N-4H (4x4x4) y el grupo control en normoxia continua. Se evaluaron: hematocrito, peso testicular y epididimario, y recuento espermático total en testículo y cauda epididimaria. El peso testicular disminuye a los ocho días de exposición hipóxica hipobárica y se recupera con intervalos de cuatro días de normoxia, al igual que el recuento de espermatozoides en cauda; sin embargo, este valor permanece bajo ocho días post-hipoxia. La producción espermática permanece baja en todos los grupos experimentales. Dado que la alternancia 4x4x4 días se utiliza como régimen habitual de trabajo en las faenas mineras chilenas, es imprescindible estudiar los efectos de la altura sobre la fertilidad humana en estas condiciones.


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Mice , Altitude Sickness , Hypoxia/complications , Sperm Count , Testis/physiopathology , Chile
8.
Biocell ; 25(2): 115-120, Aug. 2001.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-335883

ABSTRACT

In the female genital tract, spermatozoa must undergo capacitation and acrosome reaction prior to fertilization. A number of factors may induce physiological acrosome reaction assayed in vitro. The aims of this study are to determine the inductive effect of the preovulatory follicular fluid on the sperm acrosomal status in the equine, once some characteristics of the follicular fluid during folliculogenesis had been evaluated. The spermatozoa were obtained from cauda epididymes of adult stallion. Follicular fluid was taken from mare ovarian follicles classified according to their diameter. In these fluids, total protein, progesterone, estradiol and osmolarity were determined. Afterwards, the effect of preovulatory follicular fluid (50) upon induction of the acrosomic reaction in stallion capacitated spermatozoa was assayed. Results show that during folliculogenesis the ratio progesterone/estrogen is below 1. In large preovulatory follicles, there is a sharp increase of progesterone, reaching a ratio progesterone/estrogen close to 4. Protein concentration and osmolarity increase together with follicular development, being osmolarity very high at the preovulatory stage. Follicular fluid--in vitro--increases the percentage of spermatozoa with acrosome reaction, maintaining high rates of vitality and motility. The characteristics of follicular fluid undergo dynamic changes during the folliculogenesis, such as steroid level, protein concentration and osmolarity. These events may play a role in the reproductive process in vivo, considering that in vitro the follicular fluid is a very effective inductor of the acrosome reaction, with optimum levels of vitality and motility.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Follicular Fluid/physiology , Acrosome Reaction/physiology , Spermatozoa , Estradiol , Follicular Phase , Horses , Follicular Fluid/chemistry , Progesterone
9.
Biocell ; 23(2): 135-141, Aug. 1999.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-340371

ABSTRACT

The organophosphorate pesticides are highly toxic for insects and mammals, but their effects in the male reproductive tract are scarcely known. Many alterations induced by organophosphorate pesticides have been described, such as: cytogenetic alterations in germinal cells, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in the mouse. Parathion, the pesticide mostly utilized in Chilean agriculture, is rapidly metabolized to paraoxon, the active metabolite, in mammalian organisms. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Parathion and paraoxon on different morphological and functional parameters of the sperm. Human spermatozoa were incubated with Parathion and paraoxon at different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mM). Vitality (tripan blue and eosin tests), acrosome reaction (triple stain test), plasma membrane integrity (HOS-test), and chromatin stability (sodium thioglycolate test) were determined. The observations were done by optical microscopy at 1000x of magnification and three hundred sperms were evaluated for each treatment. The results indicated that Parathion and paraoxon increase the percent of sperm with acrosome reaction and also increase the percentage of sperm with chromatin decondensation in a dose-dependent manner. The vitality and plasma membrane integrity decrease significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest a direct action of Parathion and paraoxon on the different parameters studied. The morphofunctionality of sperm is altered significatively, suggesting that Parathion and paraoxon, thanks to their alkylating and electrophylic properties, could act on DNA and proteins respectively, to elicit these changes


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , In Vitro Techniques , Insecticides, Organophosphate , Parathion , Spermatozoa , Insecticides, Organophosphate , Paraoxon
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